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What is Bluetooth Networks?

Bluetooth is a specification for the use of low-power radio communications to wirelessly link phones, computers and other network devices over short distances. The name Bluetooth is borrowed from Harald Bluetooth, a king in Denmark more than 1,000 years ago.

Bluetooth technology was designed primarily to support simple wireless networking of personal consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAs, and wireless headsets. Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet (10 meters). Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps.

Bluetooth networks feature a dynamic topology called a piconet or PAN. Piconets contain a minimum of two and a maximum of eight Bluetooth peer devices. Devices communicate using protocols that are part of the Bluetooth Specification. Definitions for multiple versions of the Bluetooth specification exist including versions 1.1, 1.2 and 2.0.

Although the Bluetooth standard utilizes the same 2.4 Ghz range as 802.11b and 802.11g, Bluetooth technology is not a suitable Wi-Fi replacement. Compared to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth networking is much slower, a bit more limited in range, and supports many fewer devices.

As is true for Wi-Fi and other wireless technologies today, concerns with Bluetooth technology include security and interoperability with other networking standards. Bluetooth was ratified as IEEE 802.15.1.

Uses of Bluetooth :

Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent, but effective ranges vary in practice; see table below) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each other, however a quasi optical wireless path must be viable.

Class	Maximum permitted power		Range (m)
	(mW)	(dBm)
Class 1	100	20	~100
Class 2	2.5	4	~10
Class 3	1	0	~5

The effective range varies due to propagation conditions, material coverage, production sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is extended if they connect to a class 1 transceiver, compared to a pure class 2 network. This is accomplished by the higher sensitivity and transmission power of Class 1 devices.

Version	Data rate	Maximum application throughput
Version 1.2	1 Mbit/s	0.7 Mbit/s
Version 2.0 + EDR	3 Mbit/s	2.1 Mbit/s
Version 3.0 + HS	Up to 24 Mbit/s	See Version 3.0+HS.
Version 4.0	Up to 24 Mbit/s	See Version 3.0+HS.

While the Bluetooth Core Specification does mandate minimums for range, the range of the technology is application specific and is not limited. Manufacturers may tune their implementations to the range needed to support individual use cases.

Motivation :

Many of the services offered over Bluetooth can expose private data or allow the connecting party to control the Bluetooth device. For security reasons it is necessary to be able to recognize specific devices and thus enable control over which devices are allowed to connect to a given Bluetooth device. At the same time, it is useful for Bluetooth devices to be able to establish a connection without user intervention (for example, as soon as they are in range).

To resolve this conflict, Bluetooth uses a process called bonding, and a bond is created through a process called pairing. The pairing process is triggered either by a specific request from a user to create a bond (for example, the user explicitly requests to "Add a Bluetooth device"), or it is triggered automatically when connecting to a service where (for the first time) the identity of a device is required for security purposes. These two cases are referred to as dedicated bonding and general bonding respectively.

Pairing often involves some level of user interaction, this user interaction is the basis for confirming the identity of the devices. Once pairing successfully completes, a bond will have been formed between the two devices, enabling those two devices to connect to each other in the future without requiring the pairing process in order to confirm the identity of the devices. When desired, the bonding relationship can later be removed by the user.

Reference: http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/About-Us.aspx

Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

What is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)?

              

Short for "Wireless Fidelity." Wi-Fi refers to wireless networking technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal. It describes all network components that are based on one of the 802.11 standards, including 802.11a,802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n. These standards were developed by the IEEE and adopted by the Wi-Fi Alliance, which trademarked the name "Wi-Fi".

Wi-Fi is the standard way computers connect to wireless networks. Nearly all computers now have built-in Wi-Fi cards that allows users to search for and connect to wireless routers. Many mobile devices, video game systems, and other standalone devices also include Wi-Fi capability, enabling them to connect to wireless networks as well. These devices may be able to connect to the Internet using a Wi-Fi signal. However, it is important to understand that the Wi-Fi connection only exists between the device and the router. Most routers are connected to a DSL or cable modem, which provides Internet access to all connected devices.

Since Wi-Fi is a wireless networking standard, any device with a "Wi-Fi Certified" wireless card should be recognized by any "Wi-Fi Certified" access point, and vice-versa. However, wireless routers can be configured to only work with a specific 802.11 standard, which may prevent older equipment from communicating with the router. For example, some 802.11n routers can either be configured to only work with 802.11n devices. If this option is chosen, 802.11g devices will not be able to connect to the router, even though they are Wi-Fi certified.

How It Works :


A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact, communication across a wireless network is two-way radio. Here's what happens:

1. A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna.

2. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired ethernet connection.

The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the internet, translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter. The radios used for Wi-Fi communication are very similar to the radios used for walkie-talkies, cell phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio waves, and they can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves back into 1s and 0s. But Wi-Fi radios have a few notable differences from other radios:

● They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz. This frequency is considerably higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data. 

● They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavours: 

802.11b is the slowest and least expensive standard. For a while, its cost made it popular, but now it's becoming less common as faster standards become less expensive. It can handle up to 11 megabits of data per second. 

802.11g transmits like 802.11b, but it's a lot faster , it can handle up to 54 megabits of data per second. 

802.11n is the newest standard that is becoming widely available, although it's not widely used yet in access point hotspots. It promises still faster speeds.

Advantages

Wi-Fi allows cheaper deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.

Manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in even more devices.

Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backwards compatible. Unlike mobile phones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world.

Wi-Fi operates in more than 220,000 public hotspots and in tens of millions of homes and corporate and university campuses worldwide.The current version of Wi-Fi Protected Access encryption (WPA2) as of 2010 is widely considered secure, provided users employ a strong passphrase. New protocols for quality-of-service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency-sensitive applications (such as voice and video); and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power Save) improve battery operation.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi

Reference: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-wifi.

Reference:http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network1.htm

What is Insurance?

Insurance is the transfer of risk by an individual, such as yourself, or an organisation, such as your business, to the insurance company. You or your organisation will thus be known as the policy owner. The insurance company receives payment in the form of premium and will compensate you in the event of losses or damages sustained by you.  Insurance is the transfer of risk by an individual, such as yourself, or an organisation, such as your business, to the insurance company. You or your organisation will thus be known as the policy owner. The insurance company receives payment in the form of premium and will compensate you in the event of losses or damages sustained by you.

 There are many type of insurance such as : 

Medical and health insurance

Retirement annuity

Travel insurance

House owner insurance

Investment link insurance            

 Life insurance

 Personal accident insurance

 Investment link takaful

 Motor takaful

 Medical and health takaful

 Personal accident takaful

 Family takaful

 Houseowner takaful

Takaful is a protection plan based on Shariah principles. By contributing a sum of money to a common takaful fund in the form of participative contribution (tabarru), you undertake a contract (aqad) to become one of the participants by agreeing to mutually help each other, should any of the participants suffer a defined loss.

Both insurance and takaful have similar basic principles. For instance, the insured, such as yourself, must have a legitimate financial interest in the risk you are insuring, meaning you must suffer a financial loss when the insured event occurs.

You can also buy more than one policy or plan to protect a particular risk but in the event of loss or damage, you can only make one claim. The amount payable will then be contributed by the insurance companies involved. As such, you cannot profit from your general insurance policy or takaful plan. If you suffer a loss, you will be compensated accordingly and no more than that. You will be paid or indemnified to the position you were in before the loss. However, if you wish to cover your life, you can buy more than one policy.

Your insurance or takaful contract is a contract of utmost good faith (trust). Thus, you as the policy owner need to disclose all material information required. If any of the relevant material facts are not disclosed, the policy may be invalid and you will not be protected against any loss or damage.

In addition, under the takaful plan, you can enjoy a share of the surplus from the takaful fund, based on a pre-agreed ratio if you have not made any claim during the year.

 

Tips Buying Insurance

Be sure to buy from a company through an authorised agent

Buying life insurance is essentially buying future financial security for your family. Licensed insurance companies are listed in Bank Negara Malaysia’s website or should you need to find out more, contact the Life Insurance Association of Malaysia (LIAM).

Shop around for rates

Seek premium quotes and proposal from more than one insurance company and compare them. Be sure to compare among similar policies as not all insurance policies have similar benefits.

Understand the scope of cover, terms and conditions of the policy

Make sure you understand all provisions in the policy and if necessary. ask for explanations from the insurance company. Be careful if you are told that bonuses or dividend scales are guaranteed.

Avoid unwanted additional coverage

Do not be pressured into buying "packaged" products that may contain fixed coverages that you don’t need. However, you may opt to add additional coverage or rider of your choice at additional premium which is better value for money.

Make sure the life policy recommended is right for you

Carefully study your agent's recommendation and ask for a point-by-point explanation to make sure the policy suits you.

Always check the date the insurance becomes effective

The date the insurance goes into effect may be different from the date the company issues the policy. Be sure to ask your agent for the effective date of your insurance.

Fill in your application carefully

Never sign blank proposal or application forms.

Ensure all information filled in your application is

complete and correct to avoid delays or

even denial of claims.

Make sure premiums are paid to company

Make sure your cheque or money order is made payable to the insurance company and not to your agent and insist for a receipt immediately as proof of payment.

Read your policy when you receive it

Life policies have a "free-look" period of 15 days from the date you receive it. Therefore, use this opportunity to assess the policy to make sure this is the right policy for you.

Reference:http://www.insuranceinfo.com.my/learn_the_basics/insurance_made_clear.php?intPrefLangID=1&

Biography Haji Abdul Malik Karim Abdullah

Haji Abdul Malik Karim Abdullah or Hamka was born on February 17, 1908 in Molek village, Maninjau, West Sumatera, Indonesia. He was Indonesian Ulama, political activist and man of letters.

His father, Syeikh Abdul Karim bin Amrullah or Haji Rasul was a founder of the reformist movement in Minangkabau, West Sumatera, Indonesia, in 1906 C.E, after his back from Mecca. Among the Minangkabau society, Hamka was called Buya. The word "Buya" derives from Arabic abi or abuya that means my father. In the Minangkabau society, the title "Buya" is only inaugurated to that person who is considered as an honorable man.

In his early formal education, Hamka just reached the second level of elementary school in Maninjau. But in the tenth of his age, he began to deepen Islamic knowledge and Arabic language in Sumatera Thawalib, the Islamic high school established by his father in Padangpanjang. Additionally, he learned the Islamic knowledge in many suraus (small mosque) and mosques supervised by the prominent Ulamas such as Syeikh Ibrahim Musa, Syeikh Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur, R.M. Surjopranoto, and Ki Bagus Hadikusumo. His endeavor to master both Islamic and secular knowledge, pushed him to deepen philosophy, literature, history, sociology and politics by autodidact. He read many outstanding Arabian intellectuals works such as the works of Zaki Mubarak, George Zaidan, Abbas al-Aqqad, Mustafa al-Manfaluti and Hussain Haikal, that inspired him to be more progressive in thought. 

Furthermore, by mastering an Arabic language very well, he was capable of reading and criticizing the works of western thinkers that had been translated into Arabic, such as the works of Albert Camus, William James, Sigmund Freud, Arnold J. Toynbee, Jean Paul Sartre, Karl Marx and Pierre Loti. In the meantime he met and discussed, for many times, with those prominent Muslim intellectuals who settled in Jakarta, such as HOS Tjokroaminoto, Raden Mas Surjopranoto, Haji Fachruddin, Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur and Ki Bagus Hadikusumo.

At the beginning of his carrier, Hamka taught an Islamic knowledge at Perkebunan Tebing Tinggi, Medan, South Sumatera in 1927, and at Padang Panjang in 1929. His high dedication in Islamic education brought him in 1951 to be installed as Pegawai Tinggi Agama (high state official of religion) by the Indonesian Minister of Religion. From 1957 to 1959 he was a lecturer at the Jakarta Islamic University and the University of Muhammadiyah in Padang panjang. In the same year, he was entrusted to be a rector of Islamic Institute in Jakarta.

Hamka not only involved himself extensively in an Islamic education, but also in social organization movements. In 1925, in Padangpanjang, he was one of the founders of Muhammadiya (one of the big Indonesian Muslim organizations) that primarily focuses on denouncing khurafat (religious fable), bid'ah (innovation in religious rituals) and the astray mystical associations. Playing a central role in both Muhammadiya and government, he occupied several important positions: as a head of branch of Muhammadiya in Padangpanjang (1928); as a founder of Pusat Latihan Pendakwah Muhammadiya (Center for Muslim Preacher Training of Muhammadiya) in 1929; as a consul of Muhammadiya in Macasar (1931); as a head of Majelis Pimpinan Muhammadiya (guidance council of Muhammadiya) in West Sumatera (1953); as Penasehat Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiya (the Adviser of the Central Guidance of Muhammadiya) in 1953; as a Minister of Religion (1977); and as a head of Majlis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulama Council) in 1981.

Hamka began to engage in political activity in 1925 as a member of one of Islamic political parties, namely Sarekat Islam. He condemned strongly the Dutch colonialist that backed to Indonesia in 1945 through his political speech and guerilla movement in Medan. In 1947 he was a head of Barisan Pertahanan Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Defense Troop). He was also a member of constituent from Masyumi (the big Indonesian Muslim political party in the 1950-1960s); he served as an expert of campaign of general election in 1955. In the mid 1960s, he was installed as a member of Badan Musyawarah Kebajikan Nasional Indonesia (Convention Unit of Indonesian National Virtue); as a member of Majelis Perjalanan Haji Indonesia (Council of Indonesian Pilgrimage); and as a member of Lembaga Kebudayaan Nasional Indonesia (the Institution of Indonesian National Culture).

Although he spent most of his life in educational, political, social and religious activities, he was also acknowledged as the most prolific of Indonesian writers. In the 1920s, he was a journalist of many printed media: Pelita Andalas, Seruan Islam, Bintang Islam and Seruan Muhammadiya. In 1932, he published a journal in Macasar, namely al-Mahdi. During his life, he worked as an editor in many magazines such as Kemajuan Masyarakat, Pedoman Masyarakat, Panji Masyarakat and Gema Islam. He was also a chief of editor for many magazines: Pedoman Masyarakat (1936-1942), Panji Masyarakat (1956) and Mimbar Agama, a magazine owned by the Department of Religion from 1950 to 1953.

Hamka wrote so many books on Islamic knowledge and novels. His masterpiece book is his thirty volumes Tafsir al-Azhar. Meanwhile, his great novels that got large attention from the Malay people in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore are Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck, Di Bawah Lindungan Kaabah and Merantau ke Deli. He passed away on July 24, 1981 in Jakarta when he was 73 years old.
Reference:
.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamka
Reference:
http://melayuonline.com/fr/personage/dig/284/abdul-malik-karim-amrullah-h

Biography Mahathir Bin Mohamad

Mahathir bin Mohamad was reelected to the Supreme Council of the United Malays National Organization (UNMO) in 1972 and to parliament in 1974. Later in 1974 he was appointed minister of education. In 1976 he became deputy prime minister and in 1981 was elected president of UMNO. He became prime minister in July of that year, the first commoner to hold that office, holding it for the next 22 years.

He was born December 20, 1925, Alor Setar, Kedah Malaysia. Malaysian politician, who served as prime minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003, overseeing his country's transition to an industrialized nation.

Mahathir, the son of a schoolmaster, was educated at Sultan Abdul Hamid College and the University of Malaya in Singapore, where he studied medicine. After graduating in 1953, he worked as a government medical officer until 1957 and then entered private practice. He was first elected to parliament in 1964 as a member of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), the dominant party within the ruling governmental coalition. In 1969, however, Mahathir was expelled from UMNO after his forceful advocacy of ethnic Malay nationalism brought him into conflict with Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman. (Though politically dominant, Malaysia's ethnic Malay majority was much poorer than the ethnic Chinese minority, which dominated the economy.) The New Economic Policy that the government adopted in 1971 to improve the economic situation of Malays embodied many of the ideas Mahathir had advocated.

Mahathir rejoined UMNO in 1970, was reelected to its Supreme Council in 1972 and to parliament in 1974, and later in 1974 was appointed minister of education. In 1976 he became deputy prime minister and in June 1981 was elected president of UMNO. He became prime minister in July of that year, the first commoner to hold that office.

Mahathir's long prime ministry gave Malaysia the political stability needed for economic growth. He welcomed foreign investment, reformed the tax structure, reduced trade tariffs, and privatized numerous state-owned enterprises. Mahathir sought to bridge Malaysia's ethnic divisions by increasing general prosperity. The New Economic Policy, which had encouraged Malay economic success, was replaced in 1991 by the New Development Policy, which emphasized general economic growth and the elimination of poverty. Under Mahathir's leadership, Malaysia prospered economically, with a growing manufacturing sector, an expanding middle class, rising literacy rates, and increased life expectancies.

In the late 1990s, however, Malaysia's economy entered a depression, causing a split between Mahathir and his apparent successor, Deputy Premier and Financial Minister Anwar Ibrahim. Ibrahim's support of open markets and international investments was in opposition to Mahathir's growing distrust of the West. In 1998 Ibrahim was dismissed from his posts and arrested, and a wave of antigovernment demonstrations swept the country. Ibrahim's conviction and prison sentence sparked more protests under the reformist (reform¨) banner, which called for Mahathir's resignation. Nevertheless, Mahathir continued to suppress Anwar's supporters and consolidate his own power.

Following the September 11 attacks of 2001 in the United States, Mahathir offered his support in the global war against terrorism, but he opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Mahathir, always a controversial figure, often criticized the West, and he raised the ire of many foreign governments and many non-Muslims in particular by attacking Jews in a major speech delivered just days before his retirement as prime minister on October 31, 2003. In 2008, after UMNO and its partners lost their two-thirds legislative majority for the first time in several decades, Mahathir withdrew from the party.

Mahathir bin Mohamad served as prime minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003, overseeing his country's transition to an industrialized nation. Best known for served as prime minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003, overseeing his country's transition to an industrialized nation.

Reference:
file:///F:/mahathir/mahathir-bin-mohamad-9395417.htm
Reference:
http://www.perdana.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=187&Itemid=136